Global Journal of Public Health Medicine
Global Journal of Public Health Medicine (GJPHM) publishes original articles only in English Language covering the fields of public health such as epidemiology, family health, nutrition, occupational health, environmental health, and clinical research. Frequency: GJPHM Publish (1) volume per year (single annual volume which will fill throughout the year as each new paper is published) ​ISSN: 2664-4657 Publisher: Education in Action (EIA) , Previously was published by Research and Publication Journal Scope GJPHM is an international journal that publishes high-quality articles in the field of public health. The following research areas are accepted in GJPHM: * Epidemiology & Statistics * Family Health * Preventive Medicine * Nutrition * Occupational Health * Environmental Health *Climate change *One health ​* Health Management
The authors retain Full copyright of their published article
THE IMPACT OF KETOGENIC DIET ON MALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
The ketogenic diet, characterized by very low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake, is widely used for weight management and metabolic improvement. However, it induces metabolic changes that significantly affect the endocrine system, particularly the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, which regulates male reproductive function. This review integrates evidence on the effects of the ketogenic diet on testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). A literature search (2010–2025) was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies on adult males were included, while animal studies and those lacking hormonal data were excluded. Findings indicate context-dependent effects. In overweight or obese men with insulin resistance, short-term ketogenic diets are often associated with increased testosterone levels, largely due to weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced inflammation. In contrast, prolonged adherence, significant caloric restriction, or use in lean, physically active men may suppress the HPG axis, leading to hypogonadotropism with reduced LH and testosterone levels. This effect is likely mediated by decreased leptin levels, which signal energy deficiency to the hypothalamus. Diet composition, particularly fat type, may also influence outcomes. Overall, ketogenic diets tend to improve testosterone in overweight individuals but may reduce LH and testosterone in lean individuals or during long-term restriction, highlighting the importance of metabolic status and energy balance.
Ketogenic Diet; Male Reproduction; Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis; Testosterone; Energy Balance
Copyright (c) 2026 Bakhtawar Ziad Omer, Zahraakhan Maaroof Taher, Hataw Najmalden Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE ROLE OF ROSE BENGAL TEST IN DETECTING HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS
Brucellosis remains a serious public health concern, necessitating effective monitoring. This study evaluated the seroprevalence and identification of Brucella spp. in 300 blood specimens from patients, using phenotypic characterization and the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) for diagnosis. The percentage of positive serological tests was 9.3% (28/300), with a higher infection rate in females (10.0%) than in males (8.7%). The highest ratio was observed among patients aged 31-40 years (13.3%). Bacterial isolation confirmed Brucella species in 7.0% (21/300) of samples. Epidemiological analysis revealed a significantly higher prevalence among rural (10.6%) than urban (7.9%) participants and clear seasonality, with a peak incidence in September (12.0%). This study confirms the endemicity of brucellosis, establishes the RBT as a vital screening tool, and identifies key demographic and seasonal risk factors for guiding public health intervention strategies.
Human Brucellosis, Prevalence, Risk Factors, RBT, Zoonosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhary Alewy Almashhadany, Lana Sardar Sabrie, Shaymaa Faruq Mala, Zainab Mohammed Alzubaidy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF MPDSR COMMITTEES IN AFRICA
Introduction: Maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response is a key strategy to reduce preventable maternal and newborn deaths. Maternal mortality ratio reflects health system performance and women’s well-being. In 2012, the World Health Organization and partners introduced the Maternal Death Surveillance and Response system to address high MMRs in low- and middle-income African countries. This review evaluates the implementation of the MPDSR committee and its impact on maternal and perinatal outcomes in Africa. Methods: A total of 23 relevant studies published between 2002 and 2025 were identified through a comprehensive search of academic databases using PRISMA criteria and the PICOS framework. The AACODS checklist (authority, accuracy, coverage, objectivity, date, significance) was applied to assess study quality. Results: The review assessed the establishment and functioning of MPDSR committees across African countries. Implementation varied from national systems in South Africa and Ghana to facility-level audits in Nigeria and Kenya. Functional systems were associated with action-oriented responses, structured feedback, and regular evaluations. Challenges included blame culture, underreporting, staffing shortages, poor recordkeeping, and limited community involvement. Despite these barriers, studies have shown that effective MPDSR adoption has led to reduced maternal mortality and improved clinical accountability. Supportive leadership, standardized processes, and a learning-oriented culture were key to success. Conclusion: MPDSR committees are widely implemented in Africa, but structural, cultural, and institutional challenges continue to limit their impact. Countries emphasizing effective responses, regular feedback, and blame-free environments achieve better maternal and perinatal outcomes. Strengthened leadership, enhanced health worker capacity, and community engagement are essential to fully realize the potential of MPDSR systems in reducing preventable deaths
Maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response (MPDSR)
Copyright (c) 2026 Keegan Shamisale, Chisotwa Muyembe, Kasonde Bowa, David Mulenga, Esther Banda, christine kaluba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
COMPLEMENT DYSREGULATION IN PEDIATRIC IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Introduction: Complement proteins are key players in the innate immune system. Children with iron deficiency often experience impaired immunity, making them more prone to infections. This study aimed to measure serum levels of C3 and C4 complement proteins in children with iron deficiency anemia. Methods: The study included 50 children under 15 years old diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia, alongside 50 healthy controls. All participants underwent a comprehensive clinical assessment, complete blood count (CBC), and laboratory tests measuring serum ferritin, iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and complement proteins (C3 and C4). Results: Compared to the healthy controls, children with iron deficiency anemia showed significantly lower levels of ferritin, TIBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cells (RBC) count (p < 0.05). Additionally, serum complement proteins C3 and C4 were significantly reduced in the iron-deficient group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) respectively, suggesting impaired complement activation. Notably, neutrophil and monocyte counts were elevated in the iron-deficient group, indicating an altered immune response. Conclusion: The study revealed that serum levels of C3 and C4 complement proteins were significantly altered in children with iron deficiency anemia, potentially contributing to their increased susceptibility to infections.
Iron Deficiency Anemia, C3 Complement, C4 Complement, CBC
Copyright (c) 2026 Suhayla H. Shareef, Chiman H. Saeed, Rawen I. Bayiz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT ADHERENCE AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A MINI REVIEW
Adolescent adherence to orthodontic treatment is often suboptimal, leading to longer treatment times, increased appliance failures, and poorer clinical outcomes. Compliance is influenced by developmental, motivational, cognitive–emotional, and family–social factors. This narrative mini-review summarizes recent evidence on psychological interventions designed to enhance adherence in children and adolescents using fixed or removable orthodontic devices. A targeted literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and 2025. Studies related to adherence outcomes such as appliance wear time, oral hygiene, appointment attendance, motivation, and self-efficacy, as well as concepts related to orthodontic adherence with specific intervention strategies, including motivational interviewing (MI), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), digital reminders or telemonitoring, and family or social support, are reviewed. MI and CBT demonstrated promising improvements, strengthening intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and self-regulation. Digital supports provided modest, scalable gains, though engagement often declined over time, while family- and peer-focused interventions showed promise but remain under-evaluated. This review highlights gaps in standardized adherence outcome measures and limited evidence for combined or multi-tiered interventions. Its added value lies in synthesizing current psychological strategies, identifying research gaps, and providing practical guidance for optimizing adolescent orthodontic adherence. Overall, a stepped-care approach combining universal digital support with targeted psychological interventions and structured family involvement appears most practical. Future research should standardize outcome measures and evaluate combined, cost-effective strategies to optimize adolescent orthodontic adherence.
Orthodontic compliance, adolescent, psychological interventions, motivational interviewing, digital adherence support
Copyright (c) 2026 Yifei Wang, Ruonan Li, Zhongxin Wang, Haryati Anuar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
INFERTILITY-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE FERTIQOL INSTRUMENT: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Infertility is a widespread global health condition with consequences that extend far beyond reproductive impairment, affecting emotional well-being, interpersonal relationships, social functioning, and overall quality of life. Conventional biomedical indicators, such as pregnancy and live-birth rates, provide an incomplete representation of treatment success and fail to capture the lived experience of individuals undergoing fertility care. A narrative literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2010 and 2025 using keywords including ‘FertiQoL’, ‘fertility quality of life’, and ‘infertility patient-reported outcomes. This review was not conducted as a systematic review. This mini review examines the Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) instrument, a standardised, internationally developed patient-reported outcome measure designed to assess the multidimensional impact of infertility. FertiQoL comprises 36 items organised into a Core module (Emotional, Mind–Body, Relational, and social domains) and a Treatment module (Treatment Environment and Treatment Tolerability), enabling distinction between infertility-related burden and treatment-specific effects. Evidence from psychometric validation studies and cross-cultural applications demonstrates good reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity across diverse populations and treatment settings. The reviewed literature highlights the clinical, research, and patient-level utility of FertiQoL, including identification of psychosocial risk, enhancement of clinician–patient communication, evaluation of interventions beyond biological outcomes, and support for patient self-reflection and empowerment. Despite its widespread use, gaps remain in understanding longitudinal changes in quality of life, the impact of partner dynamics, and applicability in diverse healthcare settings. Future research should explore these areas, including longitudinal studies, culturally adapted interventions, and integration of FertiQoL into routine clinical decision-making to further advance patient-centered infertility care
Infertility, FertiQoL, quality of life, fertility care
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhongxin Wang, Ruonan Li, Yifei Wang, Nurul Akmal Jamaluddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
MANAGING CLAUSTROPHOBIA IN MRI EXAMINATION: A MINI REVIEW
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a cornerstone of modern diagnostic practice. However, anxiety and claustrophobia related to confined spaces, acoustic noise, and enforced immobility remain important barriers to successful image acquisition. These responses may lead to premature scan termination, motion artefacts, and compromised diagnostic quality. Although overall MRI failure rates are relatively low, recent evidence indicates that incomplete examinations are disproportionately concentrated among specific high-risk subpopulations. Patient tolerance is influenced by an interplay of human, environmental, and technology-related factors. This mini-review synthesises current evidence on interventions to reduce claustrophobia during MRI examinations, drawing on literature published between 2020 and 2025 and prioritising systematic, comparative, and practice-oriented studies. Psychological and experiential strategies, hardware and environmental modifications, and pharmacological approaches are reviewed. Psychological interventions, including structured pre-scan communication, music or audiovisual distraction, and mirror- or prism-based visual reorientation, consistently improve patient comfort and examination compliance. Technological solutions, such as open or upright MRI systems, offer benefits for selected patients; but bore diameter alone does not appear to be a decisive determinant of claustrophobia reduction. Pharmacological sedation, when delivered within established safety frameworks, is associated with very high scan completion rates in patients who are unable to tolerate MRI using non-pharmacological measures alone. Collectively, the evidence supports a pragmatic, stepwise approach to managing MRI-related claustrophobia: early risk identification at booking, universal application of communication and distraction strategies, selective matching of scanner hardware for high-need patients, and the judicious use of protocol-guided sedation when necessary. Adopting this structured strategy can enhance the patient experience, maintain procedural safety, and optimise diagnostic yield in contemporary MRI practice.
Magnetic resonance imaging, claustrophobia, patient tolerance, non-pharmacological intervention
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruonan Li, Yifei Wang, Zhongxin Wang, Mohammed Faez Baobaid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN RURAL TELANGANA, INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Introduction: Despite the availability of various contraceptive services, the unmet need for family planning continues to remain high among rural populations. This study aims to evaluate the determinants of unmet family planning needs among married women of reproductive age residing in rural areas of Telangana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 married women aged 15–44 years in Patancheru, a rural field practice area of Osmania Medical College. Data were collected using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. Cluster sampling was employed, and the analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and univariate analysis. Results: The contraceptive prevalence rate in the study was 83.5%, with 58% of women using permanent methods, predominantly tubectomy. The total unmet need for family planning was 12.5%, including 5% for spacing and 7.5% for limiting. Permanent methods were the most commonly used. Age (p < 0.000001), religion (p < 0.000001), occupation (p < 0.000001), socioeconomic status (p = 0.01), family type (p < 0.000001), and age at marriage (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with unmet family planning needs. Conclusion: Sociodemographic and cultural determinants continue to influence contraceptive use. Tailored awareness programs that emphasize temporary methods and male involvement are essential to address unmet needs in rural settings.
Family Planning, Unmet Need, Married, Contraception, Maternal Health
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Bhasker Koka, Dr. Sreelatha Panuganti, Dr.Ananda krishna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
LEVEL OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS STATUS AMONG THE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN SELECTED MEDICAL COLLEGES IN BANGLADESH
Introduction: Medical students are the future backbone of the medical fraternity and the healthcare system in Bangladesh. Medical college is recognized as a highly stressful environment that can negatively affect academic performance and mental well-being. Due to academic pressure and environmental changes, many students experience depression, anxiety, and stress—often beginning in the third year when they transition to clinical training. This study thus assessed the presence of depression, anxiety, and stress among the 3rd year medical students in selected medical colleges in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 398 medical students of selected Medical Colleges from January 2022 to December 2022. The validated Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21was utilized to assess depression, anxiety, and stress among the study participants selected by Simple Random Sampling. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 21.96Å}1.09 years. Students unsatisfied with the college environment were significantly more likely to report depression (77.9%), anxiety (80.8%), and stress (69.7%) (p < 0.001 for all). Dissatisfaction with hostel environment was also significantly associated with all three mental health conditions, with the highest prevalence seen in depression (76.9%). Conclusion: Meticulous attention must be devoted to enhancing the mental health and psychological well-being of medical students. Initiatives aimed at raising awareness, along with individualized counseling sessions grounded in motivational strategies, should be prioritized—particularly for those identified as most vulnerable. Moreover, parents and peers can serve as crucial protective factors, helping students navigate and adapt to high-stress environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Partha Sarathi Podder, Daizy Ratna Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUGAR ONBACTERIAL GROWTH RATE: A REVIEW
The proliferation of bacteria is significantly influenced by the sources and characteristics of carbon sources, with carbohydrates serving as essential nutrients for many organisms. The prioritisation of carbohydrate use, driven by carbon catabolite repression mechanisms, is essential for diauxic or multiaxial growth in the presence of multiple carbohydrates. Escherichia coli exhibits diauxic growth on glucose and lactose, whereas specific Bifidobacterium species utilise carbohydrates with more complex structures and exhibit multiphase growth kinetics. The sugar's structure affects growth rate and yield. Monosaccharides like Glucose and fructose are easier for bacteria to use, so they usually grow more quickly than polysaccharides like cellulose or inulin. These polysaccharides have more complex structures and require a range of depolymerising and hydrolytic enzymes to break them down into the appropriate mono- and oligosaccharides for the bacteria. The specific metabolic end products of bacterial activity during carbohydrate fermentation determine how acidic the environment becomes. This is very important for keeping food safe, maintaining gut health, and for use in industry. It is crucial to understand how carbohydrate structures affect bacterial growth, as this knowledge could be useful for making food, medicine, biofuels, and specialised microbial communities in basic and applied research.
Bacterial Growth, Sugar Metabolism, Carbon Catabolite Repression, Glycolysis, Fermentation, Diauxic, Prebiotics, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus
Copyright (c) 2025 Hero Mohammed, Bakhtawar Omer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PREVALENCE OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE USE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN TAMIL NADU
Introduction: India has an estimated 77 million adults with diabetes and about 25 million who are prediabetic. While conventional pharmacotherapy is widely used, lifestyle modifications and Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) are increasingly recognized for their potential to improve glycemic control and reduce complications. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of CAM usage among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) attending Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulasekharam, over 3months. Data were collected using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire that covered socio-demographic characteristics, diabetes treatment, glycemic control, and CAM usage. The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results were represented as Mean, Standard Deviation (SD), Frequency, and Percentage. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 60.36 ± 9.76 years. Of the participants, 61.2% were males and 38.8% were females. The prevalence of CAM usage was reported by 26.4%. Among the CAM users, the majority were using biologically based therapies (16.8%), followed by whole medical systems like homeopathy (9.6%). The factors significantly associated with CAM usage were higher Socioeconomic Status (SES)(OR 95% CI=2.603 (1.046-6.479) and good to fair HbA1c control (OR 95% CI=6.530 (3.405-12.525). Conclusion: CAM usage among T2DM patients in this rural population is relatively low. Targeted health education programs focusing on the benefits, safe use, and potential risks of CAM would enhance patient awareness and informed decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prem Jerusha, Alamelu Kannappan, Azeem Jaffer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
SLEEP QUALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM RURAL SOUTHERN TAMIL NADU
Introduction: Sleep quality remains a significantly underappreciated aspect of managing chronic medical conditions. Poor sleep quality may impact the quality of life, morbidity, and mortality outcomes in patients with these conditions. To objectively quantify the burden of poor sleep quality, this study aimed to assess sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and to identify its associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among 203 patients with chronic medical conditions attending a tertiary care hospital in Kanyakumari district. Purposive sampling of patients with cancer or chronic cardiac, renal, hepatic, or pulmonary conditions was done with an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A PQSI score of more than 5 indicated poor sleep quality. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and independent t-tests were used for statistical analysis, with 5% significance level. Results: The mean age of the patients was 54.57 years, with males being the predominant group (63%). Almost all of the patients (80.3%) were considered poor sleepers with a PSQI score of more than 5, with the highest scores mainly seen in patients with liver disease and respiratory diseases. Male gender and kidney disease were statistically significant factors associated with poor sleep quality. Conclusion: The Majority of the subjects with chronic diseases had poor quality of sleep, with only a few seeking treatment for the same. Early identification and management of sleep disorders in patients with chronic diseases is a critical gap in patient care that needs to be addressed urgently.
Chronic Diseases, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Sleep Quality
Copyright (c) 2025 Priya Panicker, Sivakarthik K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE AND BURDEN OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES IN AFRICA: A SYSTEMATIC AND META-ANALYSIS REVIEW
Introduction Emerging zoonotic diseases (EZDs) are a growing global public health concern, driven by complex human-animal environment interactions (Hossain et al., 2025). Understanding their epidemiology and regional disparities is essential for effective prevention and control. This study aimed to assess the current burden of zoonotic diseases in Africa and evaluate the effectiveness of surveillance systems in their detection and management. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on studies published between 2007 and 2024, using PRISMA guidelines to ensure transparency and quality. A total of 52 studies were included, focusing on prevalence, case fatality rates (CFRs), and risk factors for zoonotic diseases across the continent. Results: it substantial variability in zoonotic disease prevalence, ranging from 0.86 (95% CI: 0.58–1.76) in Cameroon to 0.01 (95% CI: –0.00 to 0.02) in Central Africa, with high heterogeneity (I² = 99.06%). Meta-regression revealed that attack rate was a significant predictor of effect size (coefficient = 1.00; p < 0.001), fully explaining between-study variance (R² = 100%). The pooled CFR was estimated at 26% (95% CI: 12–40%), with regional variations from 72% in the Democratic Republic of Congo to 0% in Mozambique, Mauritania, and Ethiopia-Namibia. Although evidence of publication bias was found, sensitivity analysis confirmed robustness. Conclusion: zoonotic diseases remain a substantial health burden in Africa, shaped by disparities in surveillance systems, healthcare access, and socioeconomic conditions. Effective control requires stronger One Health coordination, integrated veterinary human surveillance, enhanced laboratory capacity, adoption of advanced detection technologies, and community engagement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chisotwa Muyembe, Eustarckio Kazonga, Rogers Shitiavayi Songole, josphat Nkole, sydney Hamusonde, keegan shamisale, perfecto Kabanshi, moomba simonga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF STUNTING AMONG UNDER-FIVE-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN IN THE NGORORERO DISTRICT, RWANDA
Introduction: Stunting affects 148.1 million children under five globally, with the highest burden in low- and middle-income countries. In Rwanda, stunting remains a significant public health concern, affecting 33% of children under five, with the burden rising to 50.5% in rural areas such as Ngororero District. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and key determinants of stunting among children under five in Ngororero District, Rwanda. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 384 children, selected using a multistage sampling approach. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Analysis was performed using SPSS Version 30, WHO Anthro Survey Analyser, and Excel. Pearson chi-square tests and logistic regression were applied to identify a significant association of stunting at p < 0.05. Result: The prevalence of stunting was 36%, with 12.9% of children severely stunted. Maternal alcohol consumption was strongly associated (OR = 5.2, ?² = 21.1, p = 0.001), followed by lack of formal maternal education (OR = 3.6, ?² = 12.9, p = 0.012), and inadequate antenatal care (0–2 visits) (OR = 2.7, ?² = 10.8, p = 0.002). Other significant factors included untreated drinking water, food shortages, absence of exclusive breastfeeding, and large household size. Conclusion: The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of stunting, which is shaped by maternal practices, socioeconomic conditions, and access to healthcare. Reducing childhood stunting in Ngororero District and similar rural settings in Rwanda requires targeted nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions alongside improved maternal education. Further studies, including longitudinal research, are recommended.
Anthropometric, child nutrition, determinants, maternal education, Stunting
Copyright (c) 2025 Vincent Habiryayo, Amos Habimana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PATTERNS AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN CONDITIONS IN NAJAF, IRAQ
Introduction: Skin ailments are common across the globe and are affected by environmental, demographic, and psychological elements. This study sought to evaluate the epidemiological attributes and the patterns of skin disease risk factors among patients in Najaf, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at Al-Sadr Medical Hospital from January 2024 to January 2025 involving 700 patients with various diagnosed skin conditions over the period of one year. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and medical files, which included demographics, type of disease, seasonality, and psychosocial factors. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics, ANOVA, correlation analysis, regression analysis as well and logit analysis were used. Results: Most participants were females (69%). The most persistent conditions were fungal infections (24.6%), bacterial infections (19.7%), and eczema (13.7%). Seasonality significantly impacted disease severity, as indicated by the highest mean score (3.1 ± 1.06) on a five-point Likert scale recorded during the summer. Emotional factors also influenced severity, with anger (R = 0.91), loneliness (R = 0.80), and depression (R = 0.68) showing the strongest correlations. Logistic regression analysis revealed no statistically significant associations, as all 95% confidence intervals for the examined predictors crossed the null value (OR = 1). Conclusion: While seasonal and psychological factors showed correlations with disease severity, no individual predictor demonstrated a statistically significant association with the likelihood of skin infection. The findings highlight the need for integrated dermatological and psychosocial care, especially in urban and high-stress populations
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Abdul Hasan Mohsin , noor nasser, Lamees A. Abdul-Lateef https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES REGARDING RABIES IN RURAL UJJAIN
Introduction: Rabies, one of the earliest recognized infectious diseases, impacts all mammals. It is caused by a type of virus known as rhabdovirus and is primarily transmitted to humans through bites from domestic dogs. In developing countries, particularly, canine rabies remains a significant concern for both the economy and public health, leading to approximately 55,000 deaths annually. A cross-sectional study design was employed to comprehensively assess the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) regarding rabies within the rural population of a selected village in Ujjain. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed to comprehensively assess the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) regarding rabies within the rural population of a selected village in Ujjain. Results: The analysis of the participant demographics reveals a balanced gender distribution, with 51.6% female and 48.4% male participants. In terms of age, 40% of the participants are under 35 years old, while 60% are aged 35 and above. Education-wise, the majority have completed secondary education (45.3%), followed by primary education (31.3%), while 11.7% have no formal education, and the same percentage have attained graduation or higher education. Regarding occupation, agriculture emerges as the most common occupation, with 39.1% of participants engaged in it, followed by labourers (19.5%), homemakers (23.4%), business (10.2%), and others (7.8%). Conclusion: Importance of targeted interventions to improve health literacy and practices among specific groups, particularly females, younger individuals, and those in lower education and labour-intensive occupations is the need of the hour.
Copyright (c) 2025 AANCHAL BIJLWAN, Archit Khardenavis, Sapna Rathore https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES AMONG SELECTED ADOLESCENTS IN URBAN HYDERABAD
Introduction: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, and chronic respiratory illnesses are the leading cause of global mortality. The increasing burden among adolescents is particularly concerning due to the long-term implications. This study assesses the prevalence of risk factors associated with NCDs among adolescents in an urban field practice area in Hyderabad, Telangana. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adolescents aged 10–19. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview schedule, anthropometric measures, and validated tools like the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Variables included sociodemographic factors, behavioural habits, Body Mass Index (BMI), and family history of NCDs. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze associations. Results: Of the 400 adolescents, 62% were male. Major risk factors identified included low physical activity (57.75%), junk food consumption (61.75%), passive smoking exposure (42.25%), alcohol consumption (6.5%), and high stress (63%). About 20% were overweight and 0.5% obese. 31.75% reported a family history of NCDs. A significant association was found between higher Body Mass Index (BMI >24.9) and socio-economic status (p=0.001). At the same time, other risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and stress showed no significant association. Conclusion: Adolescents in urban Hyderabad show a high prevalence of modifiable NCD risk factors. Preventive strategies, including lifestyle modification, health education, and targeted interventions, are imperative during adolescence to reduce future NCD burden.
Adolescents, Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, Urban Health
Copyright (c) 2025 Sreelatha Panuganti, Ananda krishna Gorantla, Koka Bhasker, B.Kiranmai Andasu, Maruthi Reddy Mandadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
REBOUND OBESITY AFTER GLP-1 AGONISTS DISCONTINUATION
Introduction: Discontinuation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) often results in rebound obesity and excessive weight regain. This review explores the physiological, psychological, and behavioural factors contributing to weight regain after the discontinuation of GLP-1 RAs. Methods: This narrative review involved a review of literature published in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search for peer-reviewed literature in English started on 8 March 2025 and was repeated for updates on 25 March 2025. Results: The literature search identified only five studies that examined weight regain following the discontinuation of GLP-1 receptor agonists. These studies found that some users of these agents had regained the weight they lost before upon discontinuing GLP-1RAs. The proposed mechanism for this phenomenon is that abrupt cessation of appetite inhibition induced by GLP-1RAs leads to a surge in hunger, reduced energy expenditure, and fat mass gain. Psychological factors, like emotional overeating and dependence on the therapy, further exacerbate rebound. Clinical studies show significant weight regain after stopping semaglutide, liraglutide, or tirzepatide. Conclusion: This review focuses on the complex phenomenon of rebound obesity that may develop upon GLP-1 RAs discontinuation, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies to manage weight regain. Potential approaches include gradual dose reduction, combination therapies, and lifestyle interventions to mitigate weight regain.
GLP-1 receptor agonists, weight regain, rebound obesity, discontinuation, lifestyle interventions
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab M. Al-Shammaa, Heba M. Attash, Luma Al-Obaidy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ASSESSING TELEMEDICINE ADOPTION IN ZAMBIA: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF ACCEPTABILITY AND UTILIZATION
Introduction: Telemedicine is increasingly recognized as a solution to healthcare challenges in Zambia, particularly in addressing healthcare worker shortages, infrastructure gaps, and overcrowding. This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on the acceptability and utilization of telemedicine in Zambia, identifying key influencing factors, service providers, and areas of application.Methods: A narrative review approach was used, involving searches on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus for literature published between 2014 - 2024. Boolean operators (AND/OR) were applied to keywords such as “telemedicine,” “acceptability,” “utilization.” Narrative review,” and “Zambia.” Grey literature from institutional reports and service provider websites was also reviewed. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized in this review. Results: The nine studies reviewed indicate growing acceptance and use of telemedicine in Zambia, particularly in neurology, mental health, HIV/TB care, and maternal health. Telemedicine support remote consultations, patient monitoring, and provider tele-mentoring. High patient and provider satisfaction was reported, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, with users citing reduced travel and wait times. Consultation success rates were high for appropriately triaged cases, and tele-mentoring improved provider confidence and clinical outcomes. Private and donor-supported providers play a key role in expanding services. However, barriers like limited digital infrastructure, low digital literacy, and privacy concerns hinder broader adoption. Conclusion: Telemedicine is a promising tool for healthcare delivery in Zambia, particularly in underserved areas. However, to enhance utilization, infrastructure and policy gaps must be addressed. Strengthening digital literacy, improving connectivity, and integrating telemedicine into national healthcare systems will be critical for its expansion.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lillian Muyunda, Mubanga Mpundu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS TOWARD THE USE OF HERBAL MEDICINE AMONG IRAQI MEDICAL STUDENTS
Introduction: Herbal medicine use among medical students is common worldwide, driven by influences such as societal or cultural norms, accessibility, and interest in complementary and alternative medicine. This trend highlights the importance of medical students, as upcoming doctors, in obtaining essential insights into herbal remedies. The study aimed to assess medical students’ comprehension, attitudes, and usage patterns related to herbal medication, assess associated sociodemographic determinants, and identify reasons for using herbal medicine among students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 medical students from grades 1 to 6 at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, using convenience sampling. The study took place from February 1st, 2024, to December 31st, 2024. Data was gathered through structured interviews using a four-part questionnaire. The first section covered sociodemographic information, while the second evaluated students’ knowledge of herbal medicine. The third and fourth sections assessed attitudes toward and practices regarding herbal medicine. Results: Data showed that 24.8% of students were currently using herbal medicine, and 48.8% of them used it for therapeutic reasons. The majority of participants (81.7%) and (83.4%) agreed that herbal medicine does not prevent or cure all diseases and emphasizes the importance of consulting a doctor before using it. Most of the respondents (78.5%) disagreed that herbal medicine is always safe. Conclusion: Herbal Medicine is widespread among medical students. Despite this, critical knowledge deficiencies regarding safety, efficacy, and potential drug interactions highlight the urgent need for targeted education and curriculum integration to ensure safe and informed use
Copyright (c) 2025 Fakat Alola Ghanim Jawad, Shaymaa Alfadhul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
DIETARY PRACTICES OF AEROBIC DANCERS AND BODYBUILDERS IN VHEMBE DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE: ASSESSING THE NEED FOR NUTRITION INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
Introduction: Recreational sports have gained popularity in South Africa. However, the dietary practices of participants remain unknown. The study evaluated the nutrient and timing of intake of recreational sports participants in the Vhembe District (VD), Limpopo Province. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the dietary practices of 112 recreational sports participants in the VD. Ethical clearance and written consent were obtained from the Turfloop Research Ethics Committee (TREC) and participants, respectively. Multiple 24-hour-recall questionnaires were used to capture all food consumed the previous day and the intake timing (before, during, and after physical activity). Portion sizes were estimated using marked household utensils during the interview/recall. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to validate the 24-hour recalls. The Food Finder (electronic software) was used to determine nutrient intake and descriptive statistics through the Statistical Package for Social Science (version 28) to report the practices of participants. Results: Participants were aged 34.2±9.0 years, majority of whom being males (58%) engaging in recreational aerobic dance and bodybuilding programs. Participants trained three times or more per week for two hours. Aerobic dancers consumed energy (16.6±8.0kcal/kg/day), CHO (3.4±1.5g/kg/day), protein (0.6±0.2g/kg/day), and fat (0.4±0.3g/kg/day) suboptimal. Similarly, bodybuilders consumed energy (55.6±1.0kcal/kg/day), CHO (1.5±0.2g/kg/day), and protein (0.4±0.0g/kg/day) suboptimal, while the fat intake (0.6±0.3g/kg/day) was optimal. Participants mainly drank water prior to, during, and after physical activity. However, no other nutrient-dense meals or beverages were consumed. Conclusion: The dietary intake and timing of recreational participants were suboptimal, thus, deviated from the sport nutrition recommendations, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raymond Ramashidzha, Sefora Makuse, Sylven Masoga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA ISOLATED FROM SHEEP AND GOAT MILK
Introduction: The gastrointestinal disease Yersiniosis, is mainly caused by Yersinia enterocolitica along with Y. pseudotuberculosis, which is less common. The present study examines the prevalence of raw goat and sheep milk contamination with Y. enterocolitica collected from Erbil Governorate, Iraq while analyzing the antibacterial resistance profiles of the isolated strains and monitoring seasonal variations in contamination and resistance patterns. Methods: Raw milk samples were collected from a total of 300 animals (150 each from sheep and goat), the samples were tested using culture-based detection methods, yielding a contamination rate of 9.7%. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in contamination rates between sheep and goat milk (p = 0.559), or between village and sale point sources (p = 0.715). Seasonal trends showed a gradual decline in contamination rates from mid-winter to early summer, although these variations were not statistically significant (p ? 0.561). Conclusion: The antimicrobial resistance testing revealed alarming resistance patterns to commonly used antibiotics, including cefotaxime, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides. These findings highlight the public health risks posed by Y. enterocolitica found in raw milk and underscore the need for improved food safety practices and antibiotic stewardship in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhary Alewy Almashhadany, Bakhtawar Omer, Sarah Hameed, Hero Ismael Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PREVALENCE AND FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ANTI-RETROVIRAL THERAPY NON-ADHERENCE AMONG YOUTHS ATTENDING HIV CLINIC IN HEALTH FACILITIES OF NYARUGENGE DISTRICT, RWANDA
Introduction: HIV continues to pose a major challenge to global public health. As of 2023, an estimated 39 million individuals were living with the virus worldwide, with approximately 26 million residing in Africa. Notably, 49% of the 1.3 million new infections occurred in Africa, with 360,000 among youth aged 15–24. Two in every seven new HIV infections occur in this age group, highlighting their vulnerability. Despite 16,076 HIV-positive youths being enrolled in care and treatment programs by the end of 2023, limited research exists on adherence to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) among this population. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study using stratified random sampling was conducted, with 236 participants selected via Fisher’s formula. Data was collected in 12 months from January 2024 till the end of December 2024. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Ethical approval was obtained from Mount Kenya University. Participation was voluntary, with informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity ensured. Results: The prevalence of ART non-adherence was 42.8%. Significant sociocultural predictors included social support (AOR=0.39, p=0.003) and stigma/discrimination (AOR=0.53, p=0.048). Sociology-economic factors such as daily meal affordability (AOR=0.41, p=0.005) and occupational status were also linked to non-adherence. Biomedical and psychological factors like ART side effects (AOR=0.45, p=0.011), appointment frequency (AOR=0.24, p=0.048), and psychological distress (AOR=0.24, p<0.001) were significant predictors. Conclusion: ART non-adherence among youth is multi-factorial. Addressing this requires targeted interventions such as school-based HIV education, peer-led programs, strengthened social support systems, psychological services, and improved ART appointment management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marie Jeanne Mutesi, Abenezel Niyomurengezi, Silali Maurice Barasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PARENTS CHILD RELATIONSHIP AMONG ADOLESCENTS AT A SELECTED DISTRICT IN BANGLADESH
Introduction: The rapid advancement of technology in the 21st century has significantly diminished the importance of parent-child relationships in adolescence, even though these relationships play a crucial role in shaping adolescent behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the parent-child relationship among adolescents in Chapainawabgonj, Bangladesh. Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted with 198 adolescents, using a convenient sampling technique. Data was collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire consisting of two sections. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test and ANOVA) with SPSS version 26. Results: The mean age of the participants was 14.86 years (SD=1.15) where the male and female numbers were equivalent. The average monthly income was 39530±20265 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) or 325.53±166.88 USD (each BDT equal to 0.0082 USD). A significant relationship was found between parent-child relationships and several factors, including living area (P=.01), mother's education (P=.000), parenting style (P=.000), parental attachment (P=.000), important person (P=.001), and adolescent expectations (P=.009). Conclusion: The findings highlight several significant relationships between demographic factors and the parent-child relationship. Fostering positive parent-child relationships is critical for promoting healthy child development and family functioning. The study recommends organizing parenting workshops and raising awareness among parents about the importance of spending quality time with adolescents and providing space for them to express their feelings and expectations.
Parents, Child, Parents child relationship, Adolescents, Parenting.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salina Yeasmin, Bithika Mali, Tumpa Gharami, Md. Zahangir Alam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS OF ANAEMIA IN ANAEMIC PREGNANT WOMEN IN HIGH-PREVALENCE REGIONS OF NIGER
Introduction: Anaemia in disadvantaged pregnant women is a major public health problem in most sub-Saharan African countries in general and in Niger in particular, where its prevalence is above the WHO severity threshold of 40%. Methods: The aim of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to determine the socio-economic and demographic factors associated with anaemia in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Niger. After consultation, each woman was tested for anaemia by measuring her hemoglobin level systematically with a haemoglobinometer of the HemoCue Hb 301 type, followed by an individual interview if her hemoglobin level was <11g/dl. Results: The results showed that anaemia was more prevalent in pregnant women with an average age of 25.4 years, no schooling (71.3%), no income-generating activity (92.9%), an average household size of 7.9 peoples, living in monogamous households (73.4%), in a family (55.8%) and living in traditional homes (89.5%). Anaemia is more prevalent among women where the seasonal migration is the main source of household income (33.2%). The average total expenditure on food was 96.34 $/household/month, or 12.20 $/person/month. The factors significantly associated with anaemia in pregnant women were household size (p=0.007) and origin (p=0.00). Significant relationships were also observed between anaemia and expenditure on staple foods, and between anaemia and expenditure on foods of animal origin, condiments, and breakfasts and snacks, with P-values greater than 0.05. Conclusion: the factors significantly associated with anaemia in pregnant women were household size, origin and expenditure on food consumption for staple foods, animal products and breakfast and snacks. However, there was no relationship between the age, level of education, profession, religion, ethnic origin or economic activities of the heads of household and anaemia, and between anaemia and living conditions
Hemoglobin, Hemocue, Iron deficiency, monogamous household, Niger
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdoul-Aziz ISSOUFOU MOUNKA?LA, Alkassoum SALIFOU IBRAHIM, Saley KAKA, Toudou ADAM, Aune JENS B., Haoua SABO SEINI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION IN A WEST AFRICAN STUDENT POPULATION
Introduction: WHO recommends the daily consumption of five servings of fruits and vegetables. The general objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with fruit and vegetable consumption among a population of students in West Africa. Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from November 15 to December 31, 2023. Included in the study were medical students from the second to the seventh year who were regularly enrolled during the academic year. The sociodemographic characteristics collected included age, gender, year of study, whether or not the student received a scholarship, and whether or not they lived in a university residence. The fruit and vegetable consumption was assessed through a questionnaire. Data were collected online and responses were anonymous. No identifying information was recorded. Results: A total of 253 students were included. There was a male predominance (sex ratio = 1.4). The average age was 22.77 ± 2.55 years, ranging from 17 to 35. Only 4.35% of the students ate more than five fruits and vegetables per day. The average daily intake was less than two (1.84). Consumption was associated with financial accessibility (p=0.003), year of study (p=0.02), and lack of time to cook (p=0.017). Conclusion: This study revealed a low rate of fruit and vegetable consumption according to WHO recommendations. Associated factors were year of study, financial accessibility, and lack of time to prepare meals. A good knowledge of the health benefits of fruits and vegetables was not significantly associated with their consumption.
Copyright (c) 2025 SEYDOU MAIGA, Koussoh Simone MALIK, Babou Pascal TIENIN, Julie SACKOU-KOUAKOU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The PREVALENCE OF CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME AMONG POSTGRADUATE TRAINEES IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Introduction: To determine the prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) among postgraduate trainees in tertiary care hospitals of Karachi. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 postgraduate trainees in public and private tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan, using a convenience sampling technique. Data collection tools included the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and Phalen's Test. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables, while the chi-square test was applied to assess associations. Results: Of the 130 participants, 61 (46.9%) were men and 69 (53.1%) women. CTS symptoms were reported by 13 (10%) participants, of whom 60.7% reported mild discomfort, while 39.3% reported significant pain. Most participants (81.1%) were first-year postgraduate trainees, and the majority (54.6%) were aged 25–30 years. A total of 102 (78.4%) participants reported working 1–6 hours daily. Conclusion: CTS is prevalent among postgraduate dental trainees in Karachi. Symptoms are significantly associated with age and prolonged working hours. These findings highlight the importance of early ergonomic interventions and regular health assessments to prevent and manage CTS.
Carpal tunnel syndrome, postgraduate trainees, occupational health, ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorder
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Suffyan, Muhammad Nasir Khan, Zain Ali, Sara Jameel, Hina Jummnani, Mahnoor Abdul Rasheed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG SELECTED RESIDENTS OF KARU, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Introduction: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) also referred to as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are of significant medical importance. The diseases are transmitted from one infected individual to another during sexual intimacy. Over 30 pathogens have been identified as the etiologic agents. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out using a simple random sampling method in administering pre-tested questionnaires. Clinical assessments and laboratory examinations (PCR) were also carried out using standard techniques. Results were expressed in percentages, and chi-square (p < 0.05) was used to test for the significance of differences. Results: The results of this study showed that out of the 226 participants initially registered, 138 representing 61.06% had previously been infected with sexually transmitted diseases. A vast majority (95.60%) of the participants were aware of the existence of the diseases; 79.60% had a single sexual partner, while 84.10% agreed to have used condoms. Trichomonas vaginalis with a prevalence of 28.99% was the most common of the STDs and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) was the least common with a prevalence rate of 1.45%. The result indicated that the prevalence of the disease was more associated with age and sexual practices than the educational qualifications of participants. Conclusion: While most of the participants in the present study are aware of the existence of sexually transmitted diseases and their modes of transmission, the findings of this study indicated that STDs remain highly prevalent in Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. These findings highlight the need for targeted sexual health education and behavioral interventions to reduce STD transmission.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adebimpe Adedolapo Olusi-Adewusi, Titus Adeniyi Olusi, Regina Aniaguya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NUTRITION-RELATED APPS FOR THE YOUNGER GENERATION IN JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA
Introduction: Obesity and related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are major public health concerns in many countries, including South Africa. While nutrition-related apps have been considered a promising solution to address these issues, their impact is not yet evident given their limited adoption and the persistently high prevalence of these diseases. This study aims to assess user perceptions of the effectiveness of these apps in Johannesburg (most urbanized region of the country) and their motivations for using them. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted in the city in 2019, targeting 150 users aged 18 to 38 (Millennials and Generation Z). Results: The results revealed that participants used more than ten different nutrition-related apps, with 91.4% utilizing both diet and fitness features. However, only 56.6% to 67.4% of respondents agreed on the overall effectiveness of the nutrition apps they used. Users' expectations appeared to be more media-related, with the top five motivations being the monitoring capabilities, quality of information provided, support in achieving weight loss goals, recording ability, and the capacity to offer an overview of food consumption. These factors received average ratings of 3.75, 3.65, 3.54, 3.47, and 3.45 out of 5, respectively. Conclusion: These findings indicate that nutrition-related apps are seen as valuable tools for promoting healthier lifestyles. To enhance the effectiveness of strategies using these apps to combat obesity and chronic diseases, educational measures should be implemented for a widespread use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alex Tchuenchieu, Hema Kesa, Gifty Koufie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING AND POST-TRAINING SUPPORTIVE MECHANISM FOR ACCREDITED SOCIAL HEALTH ACTIVIST (ASHAS): A DISTRICT-LEVEL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY IN MAHARASHTRA
Introduction: The Government of India launched the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) to strengthen the Healthcare infrastructure to achieve the goal of promoting access to healthcare at the household level through the creation of a cadre of ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activists). The study aimed to assess the extent of capacity building and post-training supportive mechanisms for ASHA Method: A cross?sectional observational study was undertaken in Primary health centres of Thane District in Maharashtra, India, between September 2018 to May 2019. Five Primary Health Care centers were randomly selected from the District. Approximately 30 ASHAs worked under each PHC. From Each PHC, 15 ASHA workers were randomly selected, i.e. 50% of the total number of ASHAs using a simple random sampling technique. A sample size of 75 was taken. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the participants via a face-to-face interview after taking their informed consent. Results: It was observed that the majority of the ASHA workers scored more than 8 points about ANC care (66.7%), 56% scored a perfect 10 with regard to PNC care while 48% scored 10 points with regard to other roles and responsibilities of ASHA. Attending refresher training and >12 meetings per year with ASHA facilitators had a statistically significant positive effect on improving the performance of ASHA. Conclusion: The frequency of meetings with ASHA facilitators was inconsistent as per NRHM guidelines. ASHAs had adequate knowledge about their roles & responsibilities, ANC care, and PNC care as most scored satisfactory to good score during the assessment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alok kumar Singh , rohan sangam , Shalini Rawat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0